Utility of Intraoperative Ultrasound in Neurosurgery

Objective The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the usefulness of intraoperative ultrasound guidance as a technique for the assessment, in real time, of tumor resection and as a navigation aid during intra-axial brain lesion removal on patients admitted in the Neurosurgical Department at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela, in 2018. Methods A total of 10 patients were enrolled, each with intra-axial brain lesions with no previous neurosurgical procedures and a mean age of 49 years old, ranging from 29 to 59 years old. Results A male predominance was observed with 7 cases (70%) over 3 female cases (30%). Six patients had lesions in the dominant hemisphere. The frontal lobe was the most commonly affected,with 5 cases, followed by the parietal lobe,with 4 cases. After craniotomy, ultrasound evaluation was performed previously to dural opening, during tumor resection and after tumor removal. The mean tumor size in axial, coronal and sagittal views was 3.72 cm, 3.08 cm and 3.00 cm, respectively, previously to dural opening with intraoperative ultrasound. The average tumor depth was 1.73 cm from the cerebral cortex. The location and removal duration from the beginning of the approach (ultrasound usage time) was 83.60 minutes, and the average surgery duration was 201 minutes. Navigation with intraoperative ultrasound served to resect intra-axial tumors more precisely and safely. There was no postoperative complication associated with the surgery in this series of cases. Conclusions Intraoperative ultrasound guidance for intra-axial subcortical tumor resection is a technique that serves as a surgical and anatomical orientation tool.

Indications of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Intraoperative MRI in Glioma Surgery: First Cases in Latin America in a Single Reference Center

Introduction The improvement on the extent of resection (EOR) of gliomas with the combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) has been demonstrated in previous studies. We present our results with the combined use of 5-ALA and (iMRI) in the surgery of glial lesions. Methods A total of 64 cases of patients with intracranial gliomas who underwent image-guided surgery using 5-ALA with and without (iMRI) were reviewed. All patients underwent an early postoperative MRI to evaluate the EOR. Other intra-operative techniques (awake surgery, electrophysiological stimulation and monitoring) were also performed according to the location of the tumor. Results A total of 18 tumors did not show intraoperative 5-ALA fluorescence (according to the World Health Organization [WHO] classification of tumors, 2 WHO-grade I, 14 WHOgrade II, 1 WHO-grade III and 1 WHO-grade IV), and 46 tumors showed intraoperative 5-ALA fluorescence (3 WHO-grade II, 3 WHO-grade III, 40 WHO-grade IV). In 28 of the 46 5-ALA positive cases, a safe 5-ALA free resection was achieved. In the 5-ALA negative cases, the (iMRI) findings guided the EOR, and complete resection was achieved in 11 cases. Complete resection was opted out in gliomas infiltrating eloquent areas. Conclusions The combined use of 5-ALA and IMRI showed improved results in glioma surgery, offering the safest maximal EOR. In the 5-ALA positive cases (mostly highgrade), fluorescence was a more useful tool. In the 5- ALA negative cases (mostly lowgrade), the (iMRI) was decisive to guide the EOR of the tumor.

Introdução Em estudos anteriores, foi demonstrado um aperfeiçoamento na extensão da resecção (EDR) de gliomas com a combinação de ácido 5-aminolevulínico (5-ALA) e a imagem de ressonância magnética intraoperatória (iRM). Nossos resultados são apresentados com o uso combinado de 5-ALA e (iRM) para a cirurgia de lesões gliais. Métodos Foram revisados 64 casos de gliomas intracranianos submetidos a cirurgia guiada por imagem por meio do uso de 5-ALA, com ou sem RMI. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ressonância magnética (RM) pré-operatória para a avaliação da EDR do tumor. Outras técnicas intraoperatórias (cirurgia acordado, estimulação eletrofisiológica e monitoração) também foram realizadas segundo a localização do tumor. Resultados Um total de 18 tumores não apresentaram fluorescência com o 5-ALA (segundo a classificação de tumores da Organização Mundial de Saúde [OMS], 2 com grau OMS I, 14 com grau II, 1 com grau III e 1 com grau IV) e 46 tumores foram fluorescentes (3 com grau II, 3 com grau III, 40 com grau IV). Dos 46 casos positivos para 5-ALA, em 28 foi obtida uma ressecção segura e livre. Nos casos negativos para 5-ALA, os achados da (iRM) orientaram a EDR, e alcançou-se ressecção total em 11 casos. A ressecção total foi descartada em gliomas com infiltração em áreas eloquentes. Conclusões O uso combinado de 5-ALA e (iRM) mostrou melhores resultados na cirurgia de gliomas, oferecendo uma EDR de segurança máxima. Nos casos positivos para 5-ALA (a maioria de grau alto), a fluorescência mostrou-se um instrumento mais útil. Nos casos negativos para 5-ALA (a maioria de grau baixo), a RMI foi decisiva para orientar a EDR tumoral.

Utilidad de la estimulación intra-operatoria en cirugía de procesos expansivos intracraneanos bajo anestesia general / Usefulness of intraoperative stimulation in surgery of expansive intracranial processes under general anesthesia

Resumen Introducción: El método de estimulación cortical y subcortical intraoperatoria (ECIO) es una técnica que en la última década se ha extendido en todo el mundo gracias a los éxitos reportados. La misma ha contribuido a lograr resecciones amplias de tumores cerebrales en áreas elocuentes manteniendo la indemnidad funcional. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar los resultados de la ECIO en una serie de pacientes con lesiones cerebrales operados bajo anestesia general. Metodología: Se presenta una serie clínica de 11 pacientes con lesiones cerebrales que fueron intervenidos en el período de agosto 2013 a julio de 2016 en diferentes centros de salud del Uruguay por un mismo grupo de cirujanos. En todos se realizó ECIO bajo anestesia general y las lesiones estaban relacionadas a la vía piramidal, cortical o subcortical. Resultados: Fueron 6 mujeres (55%) y 5 hombres (45 %), en un rango de edad entre 30 y 65 años. La función motora fue conservada en 7 pacientes (63%), aunque 3 tuvieron una peoría transitoria (27%), con un déficit permanente (9%). Hubo 8 tumores primarios y 3 secundarios. La distribución topográfica fue: 5 frontales (45%), 1 rolándica, 4 parietales y 1 talámica. Luego de estimular se obtuvo respuesta motora 6 casos (55%). Se logró la resección completa en 7 casos (63%). Conclusiones: La ECIO permite mapear la vía piramidal y determinar la relación que establece con el proceso patológico. Esto impacta directamente en el grado de resección tumoral respetando la función motora, todo lo cual converge en una mejor calidad de vida del paciente.

Abstract: Introduction: The method of intraoperative cortical and subcortical stimulation (ICS) is a technique that in the last decade has spread worldwide thanks to the successes reported. It has contributed to wide resections of brain tumors in eloquent areas preserving their functional indemnity. This study aims to show the results of ICS in a series of patients with brain lesions operated under general anesthesia. Methods: A series of 11 patients with brain lesions were operated on in the period between august 2013 and july 2016 in different uruguayan health centers. The patients where operated on under general anestesia and all of the cases were lesions related to the pyramidal pathway, cortically or subcortically. Results: There were six women (55%) and five men (45%), ranging from 30 to 65 years of age. The motor function was preserved in 7 patients (63%). There were 8 primary and 3 secondary tumors. The topographic distribution was: 5 frontal (45%), 1 rolandic, 4 parietal, 1 thalamic. Stimulation for motor response was positive in 6 cases (55%). Complete resection was performed in 7 cases (65%). Conclusions : The ICS allows mapping of the pyramidal tract and determines the relationship established with the pathological process. This impacts directly on the extent of tumor resection respecting motor function, thus leading to a better quality of life for patients.

Implementation of personalized medicine concept in the clinical teaching of glioma surgery / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the value of applying personalized medicine in the clinical teach-ing of glioma surgery. Methods Totally 80 7-year program undergraduates were divided into experimental class and control class randomly, with 40 cases in each group. The experimental class received personalized medical teaching through introducing idea and method of personalized medicine. The control class received conventional teaching. The effect of teaching was evaluated by questionnaire and examination. The data were analyzed through Chi-square and t-test test. Result Questionnaire survey of satisfaction showed that 37 students of experimental class (92.5%) were interested in the new course. Questionnaire survey of teaching effect showed that in experimental class 36 students (90%) felt it could increase learning interest, 37 students (92%) believed it improved glioma diagnosis and treatment, 34 students (85%) felt their medical view ex-panded, 38 students had consolidated clinical thinking, and 32 students (80%) improved negotiation with patients. All issues were significantly better than control class (P<0.05). Meanwhile, statistical difference was found in average score between experiment class and control class [(88.71 ±6.54) vs. (76.49 ±7.32)] (P=0.000). Conclusion The introduction of personalized medicine concept helps medical students to make personalized diagnosis and treatment plan for glioma patients, and is conducive to the cultivation of their clinical thinking ability and evidence based medicine concept, which is worthy of promotion.